My momma always said "Life was like a box of chocolates. You never know what you’re gonna get."

• F. Gump (fictional philosopher and entrepreneur)

This is the second article in a series on information quantification – an essential framework for data scientists. Learning to measure information unlocks powerful tools for improving statistical analyses and refining decision criteria in machine learning.

In this article we focus on entropy – a fundamental concept that quantifies "on average, how surprising is an outcome?" As a measure of uncertainty, it bridges probability theory and real-world applications, offering insights into applications from data diversity to decision-making.

We’ll start with intuitive examples, like coin tosses and roles of dice Read More